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browser-use/browser-use

https://github.com/browser-use/browser-use · scanned 2026-06-05 06:49 UTC (5 days, 23 hours ago) · 10 languages

549 raw signals (273 security + 276 graph) 54th percentile · Python · medium (20-100K LoC)

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UNIFIED Repobility · multi-layer engine · AI coders

Complete repo analysis

Last scanned 5 days, 23 hours ago · v2 · 205 actionable findings from 2 signal sources. 206 repeated signals grouped for readability. Security checks, system graph analysis, and verified AI-agent feedback are merged into one review queue.

JSON
Combined
59.5
/100
Security checks
54
104 findings
System graph
65
100.0% cov · 101 findings
Critical
4
click to filter
Agents
6
0 votes
Crowd
0
reported
Score breakdown â 2026-05-18-v5
Component Sub-score Weight Contribution
structure_score 60.0 0.15 9.00
security_score 35.5 0.25 8.88
testing_score 100.0 0.20 20.00
documentation_score 85.0 0.15 12.75
practices_score 89.0 0.15 13.35
code_quality 24.5 0.10 2.46
Overall 1.00 66.4
Severity distribution — click a segment to filter
Active filters: excluding tests × Reset all
Severity: Critical 4 High 25 Medium 19 Low 74 9-Layer: Software Security Quality Integrity Frontend Hardware Data Network Cicd Source: Security checks 104 System graph 101 Crowd 0 Layer: Quality 121 Security 13 Cicd 8 Software 52 Network 1 Hardware 8 Frontend 1 Api 1
Scan summary Quality grade B- (66/100). Dimensions: security 36, maintainability 60. 273 findings (86 security). 99,141 lines analyzed.

Showing 118 of 205 actionable findings. 411 raw detector signals were grouped into reader-sized issues. Click TP / FP to vote on a finding's accuracy — votes adjust the confidence weighting and improve detection across the platform.

low Security checks security secrets conf 0.90 [SEC002] Hardcoded API Key: Hardcoded API key found in source code.
Use environment variables. Add the pattern to .gitignore.
browser_use/telemetry/service.py:32
critical Security checks security secrets conf 0.95 5 occurrences Detected a Generic API Key, potentially exposing access to various services and sensitive operations.
Gitleaks detected a committed secret or credential pattern.
5 files, 5 locations
browser_use/cli.py:1869
browser_use/mcp/server.py:19
browser_use/telemetry/service.py:32
browser_use/tokens/service.py:371
tests/ci/security/test_sensitive_data.py:379
critical Security checks software dependencies conf 0.90 ✓ Repobility GHA script injection via github.event.pull_request.head.ref in run-step
Multi-line `run: |` block interpolates ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.ref }} into shell. PR title/body/branch/comment fields are attacker-controllable.
.github/workflows/eval-on-pr.yml:41
high Security checks quality Quality conf 1.00 ✓ Repobility Missing import: `html` used but not imported
The file uses `html.something(...)` but never imports `html`. This raises NameError at runtime the first time the line executes.
examples/integrations/agentmail/email_tools.py:64
high Security checks quality Quality conf 1.00 ✓ Repobility Missing import: `subprocess` used but not imported
The file uses `subprocess.something(...)` but never imports `subprocess`. This raises NameError at runtime the first time the line executes.
browser_use/browser/watchdogs/local_browser_watchdog.py:157
low Security checks cicd CI/CD security conf 0.35 ✓ Repobility 17 occurrences Workflow references repository secrets in a pull_request workflow
Fork pull_request runs do not receive normal repository secrets on GitHub Actions. Review this as a reliability/intent signal, not as direct fork-secret exfiltration. Raise severity only for pull_request_target or another trusted-context path that runs untrusted PR code with secrets.
2 files, 17 locations
.github/workflows/test.yaml:89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, +7 more (15 hits)
.github/workflows/eval-on-pr.yml:35, 36 (2 hits)
CI/CD securityworkflow secretsGitHub Actions
critical System graph security Secrets conf 1.00 Possible secret in browser_use/config.py
Detected pattern matching generic_api_key. Rotate the credential and move to a secret manager.
browser_use/config.py:306
critical System graph security Secrets conf 1.00 Possible secret in browser_use/telemetry/service.py
Detected pattern matching generic_api_key. Rotate the credential and move to a secret manager.
browser_use/telemetry/service.py:32
low Security checks quality Quality conf 1.00 ✓ Repobility [MINED006] Overcatch Baseexception: except BaseException: ... — prevents Ctrl+C and SystemExit from working.
Review and fix per the pattern semantics. See CWE-705 / for context.
examples/apps/news-use/news_monitor.py:298
low Security checks quality Quality conf 1.00 ✓ Repobility [MINED006] Overcatch Baseexception: except BaseException: ... — prevents Ctrl+C and SystemExit from working.
Review and fix per the pattern semantics. See CWE-705 / for context.
examples/apps/msg-use/scheduler.py:198
low Security checks quality Quality conf 1.00 ✓ Repobility [MINED012] Curl Pipe Bash: curl ... | sh / bash — runs unverified network code.
Review and fix per the pattern semantics. See CWE-494 / A08:2021 for context.
browser_use/skill_cli/profile_use.py:28
high Security checks quality Quality conf 1.00 ✓ Repobility [MINED020] Logging Credential Via Fstring: logger.error(f"failed for {api_key}") — secrets end up in log aggregators / sentry.
Review and fix per the pattern semantics. See CWE-532 / A09:2021 for context.
browser_use/integrations/gmail/service.py:127
high Security checks quality Quality conf 1.00 ✓ Repobility 25 occurrences `self.format` used but never assigned in __init__
Method `emit` of class `RichLogHandler` reads `self.format`, but no assignment to it exists in __init__ (and no class-level fallback). This raises AttributeError the first time the method runs against an instance.
2 files, 25 locations
browser_use/config.py:63, 97, 98, 103, 107, 108, 113, 117, +13 more (21 hits)
browser_use/cli.py:409, 412, 627, 714 (4 hits)
high Security checks quality Quality conf 1.00 ✓ Repobility 20 occurrences Blocking call `input` inside async function `main`
`input` is a synchronous (blocking) call. When invoked inside an `async def` it stalls the event loop, preventing every other coroutine in the process from making progress.
12 files, 13 locations
examples/integrations/gmail_2fa_integration.py:115, 193 (2 hits)
browser_use/actor/playground/flights.py:35
browser_use/actor/playground/playground.py:220
browser_use/dom/playground/extraction.py:229
examples/apps/msg-use/login.py:63
examples/browser/using_cdp.py:47
examples/features/blocked_domains.py:59
examples/features/follow_up_tasks.py:26
high Security checks software dependencies conf 0.90 ✓ Repobility 4 occurrences Dockerfile FROM `browseruse/base-system (no tag)` not pinned by digest
`FROM browseruse/base-system (no tag)` resolves the tag at build time. The registry CAN re-push a different image for the same tag, so every build is potentially different. Production images should pin to `image@sha256:...` for reproducibility + supply-chain integrity.
4 files, 4 locations
Dockerfile:18
docker/base-images/chromium/Dockerfile:2
docker/base-images/python-deps/Dockerfile:2
docker/base-images/system/Dockerfile:1
high Security checks quality Quality conf 0.80 ✓ Repobility FastAPI POST /slack/events has no auth
Handler `slack_events` is registered with router/app.post(...) but no Depends/Security parameter is declared and no auth marker appears in the function body.
examples/integrations/slack/slack_api.py:110
high Security checks software dependencies conf 0.90 ✓ Repobility 6 occurrences pre-commit hook `https://github.com/asottile/yesqa` pinned to mutable rev `v1.5.0`
`.pre-commit-config.yaml` references `https://github.com/asottile/yesqa` at `rev: v1.5.0`. If `{rev}` is a branch or version tag, the repo owner can push new code there and `pre-commit install --install-hooks` will fetch it on every developer's machine.
lines 5, 9, 16, 27, 35, 40
.pre-commit-config.yaml:5, 9, 16, 27, 35, 40 (6 hits)
high System graph security security conf 1.00 Insecure pattern 'eval_used' in browser_use/skill_cli/python_session.py:82
Found a known-risky pattern (eval_used). Review and replace if possible.
browser_use/skill_cli/python_session.py:82 Eval used
high System graph security security conf 1.00 Insecure pattern 'exec_used' in browser_use/skill_cli/python_session.py:88
Found a known-risky pattern (exec_used). Review and replace if possible.
browser_use/skill_cli/python_session.py:88 Exec used
medium Security checks security auth conf 0.92 [AUC001] No Repobility access matrix policy found: The repository uses web/API frameworks but does not define .repobility/access.yml or equivalent authorization documentation.
The repository uses web/API frameworks but does not define .repobility/access.yml or equivalent authorization documentation.
medium Security checks security auth conf 0.72 [AUC012] FastAPI interactive docs may be exposed by framework defaults: FastAPI exposes /docs, /redoc, and /openapi.json by default. Public production APIs should explicitly disable those defaults, protect them behind admin authentication, or publish a reviewed OpenAPI spec with declared security requirements.
FastAPI exposes /docs, /redoc, and /openapi.json by default. Public production APIs should explicitly disable those defaults, protect them behind admin authentication, or publish a reviewed OpenAPI spec with declared security requirements.
low Security checks quality Error handling conf 1.00 3 occurrences [ERR001] Silent Exception Swallowing: Silently swallowing all exceptions hides bugs. Even in cleanup code, log at DEBUG level.
Log the error: `except Exception: logger.debug('cleanup failed', exc_info=True)`. Or handle specific exception types.
3 files, 3 locations
browser_use/actor/mouse.py:118
browser_use/browser/cloud/cloud.py:48
browser_use/browser/watchdogs/screenshot_watchdog.py:61
medium Security checks quality Quality conf 1.00 [SEC123] Production stack trace / debug output exposed: Debug mode left on in production exposes stack traces, environment variables, framework internals — sometimes triggers RCE (Django debug page with arbitrary template eval).
Set DEBUG=False / APP_DEBUG=false in production. Provide a generic 500 handler that logs to backend but returns a sanitized page to clients.
examples/apps/msg-use/scheduler.py:135
medium Security checks quality Quality conf 1.00 3 occurrences [SEC125] AI placeholder credential left in source (your-api-key-here style): AI coding assistants frequently emit placeholder credentials shaped like `API_KEY = "your-api-key-here"` instead of pulling from env. These get committed verbatim — production code with a literal placeholder string is a near-certain bug, and the value also leaks what credential type the system expects to authentication crawlers. CWE-1188. Distinctive AI footprint: the exact phrase shape `your-X-here` is uncommon in hand
Replace with env lookup: `API_KEY = os.environ['SERVICE_API_KEY']`. Move actual key to a secret manager. Add a startup check that the env var is non-empty so missing config fails loudly instead of shipping the placeholder.
3 files, 3 locations
examples/apps/msg-use/login.py:22
examples/apps/news-use/news_monitor.py:48
examples/custom-functions/parallel_agents.py:292
low Security checks quality Quality conf 1.00 [SEC136] AI-typical over-broad exception handler swallowing all errors: Catch-all exception block that silently returns success or no-ops. AI agents reach for this pattern when a flaky test or an unfamiliar API throws — wrap, swallow, return success. Real bugs are masked, observability is destroyed, and callers think the operation worked. CWE-396 (improperly-generalized exception). Distinct from intentional fallback because there's no log line and the success value is fabricated.
Catch the specific exception type, log at error level with full exception info, and return a failure-shaped result. If the operation is genuinely best-effort, log at warning and document why in a comment so the next reader (or scanner) knows.
examples/apps/news-use/news_monitor.py:142
low Security checks quality Quality conf 1.00 [SEC136] AI-typical over-broad exception handler swallowing all errors: Catch-all exception block that silently returns success or no-ops. AI agents reach for this pattern when a flaky test or an unfamiliar API throws — wrap, swallow, return success. Real bugs are masked, observability is destroyed, and callers think the operation worked. CWE-396 (improperly-generalized exception). Distinct from intentional fallback because there's no log line and the success value is fabricated.
Catch the specific exception type, log at error level with full exception info, and return a failure-shaped result. If the operation is genuinely best-effort, log at warning and document why in a comment so the next reader (or scanner) knows.
browser_use/browser/views.py:135
low Security checks quality Error handling conf 0.55 ✓ Repobility 20 occurrences Broad exception handler needs review
This handler catches Exception/BaseException. It is actionable when it swallows errors without logging, re-raising, or returning a structured error. Handlers that intentionally convert exceptions into typed error results should not be treated as high risk.
3 files, 20 locations
browser_use/cli.py:135, 411, 903, 966, 1287, 1317, 1573, 1897, +4 more (12 hits)
tests/ci/evaluate_tasks.py:105, 137, 187, 269, 356 (5 hits)
browser_use/init_cmd.py:186, 350, 390 (3 hits)
Error handlingquality
high Security checks cicd CI/CD security conf 0.82 3 occurrences Docker final stage has no non-root USER
Docker images run as root unless the image or Dockerfile switches to a non-root user.
3 files, 3 locations
docker/base-images/chromium/Dockerfile:2
docker/base-images/python-deps/Dockerfile:2
docker/base-images/system/Dockerfile:1
CI/CD securitycontainers
medium Security checks cicd CI/CD security conf 0.76 Dockerfile copies broad context with incomplete .dockerignore
COPY . or ADD . is safer when .dockerignore excludes secrets, git history, keys, and generated artifacts.
Dockerfile.fast:22 CI/CD securitycontainers
medium Security checks cicd CI/CD security conf 0.76 Dockerfile copies broad context with incomplete .dockerignore
COPY . or ADD . is safer when .dockerignore excludes secrets, git history, keys, and generated artifacts.
Dockerfile:185 CI/CD securitycontainers
high Security checks software dependencies conf 0.90 GitHub Action `actions/cache@v4` is 1 major version(s) behind (latest v5.0.5)
`uses: actions/cache@v4` is 1 major version(s) behind the latest published release v5.0.5. Old action majors run on deprecated runner images / Node versions and miss upstream fixes. This is the exact 'outdated GitHub Action' class Dependabot raises — and which Repobility had no coverage for.
.github/workflows/claude.yml:58
high Security checks software dependencies conf 0.90 7 occurrences GitHub Action `actions/checkout@v4` is 2 major version(s) behind (latest v6.0.3)
`uses: actions/checkout@v4` is 2 major version(s) behind the latest published release v6.0.3. Old action majors run on deprecated runner images / Node versions and miss upstream fixes. This is the exact 'outdated GitHub Action' class Dependabot raises — and which Repobility had no coverage for.
7 files, 7 locations
.github/workflows/claude.yml:31
.github/workflows/docker.yml:30
.github/workflows/install-script.yml:43
.github/workflows/lint.yml:27
.github/workflows/package.yaml:26
.github/workflows/publish.yml:32
.github/workflows/test.yaml:31
high Security checks software dependencies conf 0.90 GitHub Action `actions/download-artifact@v4` is 4 major version(s) behind (latest v8.0.1)
`uses: actions/download-artifact@v4` is 4 major version(s) behind the latest published release v8.0.1. Old action majors run on deprecated runner images / Node versions and miss upstream fixes. This is the exact 'outdated GitHub Action' class Dependabot raises — and which Repobility had no coverage…
.github/workflows/package.yaml:50
high Security checks software dependencies conf 0.90 GitHub Action `actions/github-script@v7` is 2 major version(s) behind (latest v9.0.0)
`uses: actions/github-script@v7` is 2 major version(s) behind the latest published release v9.0.0. Old action majors run on deprecated runner images / Node versions and miss upstream fixes. This is the exact 'outdated GitHub Action' class Dependabot raises — and which Repobility had no coverage for.
.github/workflows/cloud_evals.yml:25
high Security checks software dependencies conf 0.90 GitHub Action `actions/setup-python@v5` is 1 major version(s) behind (latest v6.2.0)
`uses: actions/setup-python@v5` is 1 major version(s) behind the latest published release v6.2.0. Old action majors run on deprecated runner images / Node versions and miss upstream fixes. This is the exact 'outdated GitHub Action' class Dependabot raises — and which Repobility had no coverage for.
.github/workflows/install-script.yml:46
high Security checks software dependencies conf 0.90 GitHub Action `actions/upload-artifact@v4` is 3 major version(s) behind (latest v7.0.1)
`uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4` is 3 major version(s) behind the latest published release v7.0.1. Old action majors run on deprecated runner images / Node versions and miss upstream fixes. This is the exact 'outdated GitHub Action' class Dependabot raises — and which Repobility had no coverage f…
.github/workflows/package.yaml:29
high Security checks software dependencies conf 0.90 GitHub Action `astral-sh/setup-uv@v5` is 3 major version(s) behind (latest v8.2.0)
`uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5` is 3 major version(s) behind the latest published release v8.2.0. Old action majors run on deprecated runner images / Node versions and miss upstream fixes. This is the exact 'outdated GitHub Action' class Dependabot raises — and which Repobility had no coverage for.
.github/workflows/package.yaml:27
high Security checks software dependencies conf 0.90 GitHub Action `astral-sh/setup-uv@v5` is 3 major version(s) behind (latest v8.2.0)
`uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v5` is 3 major version(s) behind the latest published release v8.2.0. Old action majors run on deprecated runner images / Node versions and miss upstream fixes. This is the exact 'outdated GitHub Action' class Dependabot raises — and which Repobility had no coverage for.
.github/workflows/lint.yml:28
high Security checks software dependencies conf 0.90 3 occurrences GitHub Action `astral-sh/setup-uv@v6` is 2 major version(s) behind (latest v8.2.0)
`uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6` is 2 major version(s) behind the latest published release v8.2.0. Old action majors run on deprecated runner images / Node versions and miss upstream fixes. This is the exact 'outdated GitHub Action' class Dependabot raises — and which Repobility had no coverage for.
3 files, 3 locations
.github/workflows/claude.yml:32
.github/workflows/publish.yml:78
.github/workflows/test.yaml:32
high Security checks quality Quality conf 0.80 localStorage write failures are swallowed silently
localStorage quotas are small and writes can fail. Catching storage errors without a user-visible warning causes silent data loss when notes, images, or snapshots exceed quota.
browser_use/browser/watchdogs/storage_state_watchdog.py:280
medium Security checks quality Quality conf 1.00 ✓ Repobility Mutable default argument in `add_to_cart` (list)
`def add_to_cart(... = []/{}/set())` — Python's default value is constructed ONCE at function definition time and shared across all calls. Mutating it in one call mutates it for every future call too.
examples/use-cases/buy_groceries.py:24
medium Security checks quality Quality conf 0.78 Public web service has no security.txt
security.txt gives researchers and customers a safe disclosure channel. Public web apps and APIs should publish it under /.well-known/security.txt.
.well-known/security.txt
high Security checks software dependencies conf 0.70 8 occurrences Remote install command pipes network code directly to a shell
Agent helper projects often publish one-line installers. `curl | sh` style commands are convenient, but they bypass review unless the script is pinned, signed, or checksum-verified.
8 files, 8 locations
AGENTS.md:241
CLOUD.md:19
bin/setup.sh:31
browser_use/skill_cli/README.md:19
browser_use/skill_cli/profile_use.py:28
skills/cloud/references/quickstart.md:156
skills/cloud/references/sessions.md:92
skills/open-source/references/quickstart.md:147
medium System graph hardware Security conf 1.00 Dockerfile runs as root: docker/base-images/chromium/Dockerfile
No non-root USER set. Containers running as root expand the blast radius of any vulnerability inside the image.
Container
medium System graph hardware Security conf 1.00 Dockerfile runs as root: docker/base-images/python-deps/Dockerfile
No non-root USER set. Containers running as root expand the blast radius of any vulnerability inside the image.
Container
medium System graph hardware Security conf 1.00 Dockerfile runs as root: docker/base-images/system/Dockerfile
No non-root USER set. Containers running as root expand the blast radius of any vulnerability inside the image.
Container
medium System graph cicd CI/CD security conf 1.00 17 occurrences GitHub Action is tag-pinned rather than SHA-pinned
anthropics/claude-code-action@beta can move without a code change in this repo. Pin third-party actions to a reviewed 40-character commit SHA.
4 files, 17 locations
.github/workflows/test.yaml:32, 117, 177, 201, 247 (7 hits)
.github/workflows/docker.yml:33, 36, 39, 45, 53, 67 (6 hits)
.github/workflows/lint.yml:28, 38, 50 (3 hits)
.github/workflows/claude.yml:69
CI/CD securitySupply chainGitHub Actions
medium System graph cicd CI/CD security conf 1.00 4 occurrences GitHub Actions workflow grants broad write permissions
CI tokens with write permissions increase blast radius when an action, dependency, or PR workflow is compromised. Prefer job-level least-privilege permissions.
4 files, 4 locations
.github/workflows/claude.yml
.github/workflows/docker.yml
.github/workflows/publish.yml
.github/workflows/test.yaml
CI/CD securitySupply chainGithub actions
medium System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 Network/subprocess call without timeout or try/except — browser_use/cli.py:28
`subprocess.run(...)` here lacks both a `timeout=` arg and an enclosing try/except. This is exactly the class of bug that took down our git-clone earlier (HTTP/2 stream cancel surfaced as a fatal). Add a `timeout=` and wrap in try/except, or use a wrapper that retries.
runtime safetyRobustness
medium System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 Network/subprocess call without timeout or try/except — browser_use/skill_cli/main.py:66
`subprocess.run(...)` here lacks both a `timeout=` arg and an enclosing try/except. This is exactly the class of bug that took down our git-clone earlier (HTTP/2 stream cancel surfaced as a fatal). Add a `timeout=` and wrap in try/except, or use a wrapper that retries.
runtime safetyRobustness
medium System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 Network/subprocess call without timeout or try/except — browser_use/skill_cli/profile_use.py:45
`subprocess.run(...)` here lacks both a `timeout=` arg and an enclosing try/except. This is exactly the class of bug that took down our git-clone earlier (HTTP/2 stream cancel surfaced as a fatal). Add a `timeout=` and wrap in try/except, or use a wrapper that retries.
runtime safetyRobustness
medium System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 Network/subprocess call without timeout or try/except — browser_use/utils.py:680
`subprocess.check_output(...)` here lacks both a `timeout=` arg and an enclosing try/except. This is exactly the class of bug that took down our git-clone earlier (HTTP/2 stream cancel surfaced as a fatal). Add a `timeout=` and wrap in try/except, or use a wrapper that retries.
runtime safetyRobustness
medium System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 Network/subprocess call without timeout or try/except — examples/features/large_blocklist.py:42
`urllib.request.urlopen(...)` here lacks both a `timeout=` arg and an enclosing try/except. This is exactly the class of bug that took down our git-clone earlier (HTTP/2 stream cancel surfaced as a fatal). Add a `timeout=` and wrap in try/except, or use a wrapper that retries.
runtime safetyRobustness
low Security checks cicd CI/CD security conf 0.72 .dockerignore misses sensitive defaults
.dockerignore exists but does not cover common secret or VCS patterns.
.dockerignore CI/CD securitycontainers
low Security checks software Race condition conf 1.00 [SEC124] TOCTOU file access (os.access then open): Check-then-use file pattern (access/exists then open) lets an attacker swap the file between check and use (symlink attack). `mktemp` is deprecated for the same reason.
Use `os.open(path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL | os.O_WRONLY)` for atomic create-only. Use `tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile()` (not `mktemp`). For locking, use `fcntl.flock`.
examples/apps/news-use/news_monitor.py:197
low Security checks software Race condition conf 1.00 [SEC124] TOCTOU file access (os.access then open): Check-then-use file pattern (access/exists then open) lets an attacker swap the file between check and use (symlink attack). `mktemp` is deprecated for the same reason.
Use `os.open(path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL | os.O_WRONLY)` for atomic create-only. Use `tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile()` (not `mktemp`). For locking, use `fcntl.flock`.
browser_use/telemetry/service.py:101
low Security checks quality Quality conf 0.60 10 occurrences Duplicated implementation block across source files
Duplicate implementation blocks are maintenance debt. Keep them visible, but they are not a high-severity defect unless the duplicated logic is security-sensitive or drifting.
8 files, 10 locations
browser_use/llm/vercel/chat.py:334, 359, 371 (3 hits)
browser_use/actor/page.py:101
browser_use/llm/aws/chat_anthropic.py:108
browser_use/llm/deepseek/serializer.py:1
browser_use/llm/litellm/chat.py:76
browser_use/llm/openai/chat.py:112
browser_use/llm/openai/serializer.py:83
browser_use/telemetry/__init__.py:22
duplicationquality
low Security checks software dependencies conf 0.90 Python package `pydantic-settings` is minor version(s) behind (2.12.0 -> 2.14.1)
`pydantic-settings==2.12.0` is minor version(s) behind the latest stable release on PyPI (2.14.1). Pinned-but-stale Python dependencies drift away from upstream security and bugfix releases. This is the version-currency signal Dependabot raises.
browser_use/skill_cli/requirements-cli.txt:9
low Security checks software dependencies conf 0.90 Python package `pydantic` is minor version(s) behind (2.12.5 -> 2.13.4)
`pydantic==2.12.5` is minor version(s) behind the latest stable release on PyPI (2.13.4). Pinned-but-stale Python dependencies drift away from upstream security and bugfix releases. This is the version-currency signal Dependabot raises.
browser_use/skill_cli/requirements-cli.txt:8
low System graph quality Maintenance conf 1.00 54 TODO/FIXME markers
High count of TODO/FIXME/HACK markers — track them as issues so they're not forgotten.
low System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 62 env vars used in code but missing from .env.example
Drift between code and config docs. The first few: `AI_GATEWAY_API_KEY`, `ALIBABA_CLOUD`, `ANTHROPIC_API_KEY`, `APPDATA`, `AZURE_OPENAI_API_KEY`, `AZURE_OPENAI_DEPLOYMENT`, `AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT`, `AZURE_OPENAI_KEY` + 54 more. Add them (with a placeholder/comment) to .env.example so onboarding doe…
config drift
low System graph hardware Coverage conf 1.00 Containers defined but no K8s/orchestration manifest found
Repo has Dockerfiles/compose but no Kubernetes/Nomad manifests. If the target deployment is K8s, the manifests may live in a separate ops repo.
Deployment
low System graph hardware Supply chain conf 1.00 Docker base image is tag-pinned but not digest-pinned: browseruse/base-chromium:${BASE_TAG}
Container tags can be retagged upstream. Pin production base images to a reviewed digest (`image@sha256:...`) when reproducibility and supply-chain integrity matter.
docker/base-images/python-deps/Dockerfile:2 containersPinned dependencies
low System graph hardware Supply chain conf 1.00 Docker base image is tag-pinned but not digest-pinned: browseruse/base-system:${BASE_TAG}
Container tags can be retagged upstream. Pin production base images to a reviewed digest (`image@sha256:...`) when reproducibility and supply-chain integrity matter.
docker/base-images/chromium/Dockerfile:2 containersPinned dependencies
low System graph hardware Supply chain conf 1.00 Docker base image is tag-pinned but not digest-pinned: python:3.12-slim
Container tags can be retagged upstream. Pin production base images to a reviewed digest (`image@sha256:...`) when reproducibility and supply-chain integrity matter.
Dockerfile:18 containersPinned dependencies
low System graph hardware Supply chain conf 1.00 Docker base image is tag-pinned but not digest-pinned: python:3.12-slim
Container tags can be retagged upstream. Pin production base images to a reviewed digest (`image@sha256:...`) when reproducibility and supply-chain integrity matter.
docker/base-images/system/Dockerfile:1 containersPinned dependencies
low System graph software Dead code candidate conf 1.00 File has no detected symbols: browser_use/mcp/__main__.py
Source file with no class/function declarations — possible config, dead code, or scratch file.
low System graph software Dead code candidate conf 1.00 File has no detected symbols: browser_use/skill_cli/__main__.py
Source file with no class/function declarations — possible config, dead code, or scratch file.
low System graph software Dead code candidate conf 1.00 File has no detected symbols: browser_use/tokens/custom_pricing.py
Source file with no class/function declarations — possible config, dead code, or scratch file.
low System graph software Dead code candidate conf 1.00 File has no detected symbols: browser_use/tokens/mappings.py
Source file with no class/function declarations — possible config, dead code, or scratch file.
low System graph software Dead code candidate conf 1.00 File has no detected symbols: examples/custom-functions/2fa.py
Source file with no class/function declarations — possible config, dead code, or scratch file.
low System graph software Dead code candidate conf 1.00 File has no detected symbols: examples/integrations/discord/discord_example.py
Source file with no class/function declarations — possible config, dead code, or scratch file.
low System graph software Dead code candidate conf 1.00 File has no detected symbols: examples/integrations/slack/slack_example.py
Source file with no class/function declarations — possible config, dead code, or scratch file.
low System graph software Dead code candidate conf 1.00 File has no detected symbols: examples/models/bu_oss.py
Source file with no class/function declarations — possible config, dead code, or scratch file.
low System graph software Dead code candidate conf 1.00 File has no detected symbols: examples/models/lazy_import.py
Source file with no class/function declarations — possible config, dead code, or scratch file.
low System graph software Dead code candidate conf 1.00 File has no detected symbols: examples/models/ollama.py
Source file with no class/function declarations — possible config, dead code, or scratch file.
low System graph software Dead code candidate conf 1.00 File has no detected symbols: examples/simple.py
Source file with no class/function declarations — possible config, dead code, or scratch file.
low System graph cicd CI/CD security conf 1.00 29 occurrences GitHub Action is tag-pinned rather than SHA-pinned
actions/cache@v4 can move without a code change in this repo. Pin third-party actions to a reviewed 40-character commit SHA.
6 files, 29 locations
.github/workflows/test.yaml:31, 40, 59, 115, 123, 140, 153, 200, +4 more (20 hits)
.github/workflows/lint.yml:27, 37, 49 (3 hits)
.github/workflows/docker.yml:30 (2 hits)
.github/workflows/install-script.yml:46, 125 (2 hits)
.github/workflows/claude.yml:58
.github/workflows/cloud_evals.yml:25
CI/CD securitySupply chainGitHub Actions
low System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 Near-duplicate function bodies in 10 places
Functions with the same first-5-line body hash: browser_use/filesystem/file_system.py:extension, browser_use/filesystem/file_system.py:extension, browser_use/filesystem/file_system.py:extension, browser_use/filesystem/file_system.py:extension This is *the* AI-coder failure mode (4× more duplicatio…
duplicatesduplication
low System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 11 occurrences Near-duplicate function bodies in 2 places
Functions with the same first-5-line body hash: examples/integrations/agentmail/email_tools.py:get_or_create_inbox_client, examples/integrations/agentmail/email_tools.py:create_inbox_client This is *the* AI-coder failure mode (4× more duplication in vibe-coded repos — see https://jw.hn/ai-code-hyg…
11 occurrences
repo-level (11 hits)
duplicatesduplication
low System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 4 occurrences Near-duplicate function bodies in 3 places
Functions with the same first-5-line body hash: examples/models/openrouter.py:main, examples/models/claude-4-sonnet.py:main, examples/features/secure.py:main This is *the* AI-coder failure mode (4× more duplication in vibe-coded repos — see https://jw.hn/ai-code-hygiene). Consolidate or document w…
4 occurrences
repo-level (4 hits)
duplicatesduplication
low System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 3 occurrences Near-duplicate function bodies in 4 places
Functions with the same first-5-line body hash: examples/models/langchain/serializer.py:serialize, examples/models/langchain/serializer.py:serialize, examples/models/langchain/serializer.py:serialize, examples/models/langchain/serializer.py:serialize This is *the* AI-coder failure mode (4× more du…
3 occurrences
repo-level (3 hits)
duplicatesduplication
low System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 Near-duplicate function bodies in 6 places
Functions with the same first-5-line body hash: browser_use/filesystem/file_system.py:sync_to_disk_sync, browser_use/filesystem/file_system.py:sync_to_disk, browser_use/filesystem/file_system.py:sync_to_disk_sync, browser_use/filesystem/file_system.py:sync_to_disk This is *the* AI-coder failure mo…
duplicatesduplication
low System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 Old/deprecated-named symbol `model_copy` in browser_use/agent/service.py:281
Names with suffixes like `_old`, `_v1`, `_deprecated` usually indicate replaced-but-not-removed code (typical AI-coder leftover). Confirm and delete, or rename if it's the active version.
old markerDead code
low System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 Old/deprecated-named symbol `model_copy` in browser_use/llm/anthropic/serializer.py:275
Names with suffixes like `_old`, `_v1`, `_deprecated` usually indicate replaced-but-not-removed code (typical AI-coder leftover). Confirm and delete, or rename if it's the active version.
old markerDead code
low System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 Old/deprecated-named symbol `model_copy` in browser_use/llm/google/chat.py:434
Names with suffixes like `_old`, `_v1`, `_deprecated` usually indicate replaced-but-not-removed code (typical AI-coder leftover). Confirm and delete, or rename if it's the active version.
old markerDead code
low System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 Old/deprecated-named symbol `model_copy` in browser_use/llm/google/serializer.py:37
Names with suffixes like `_old`, `_v1`, `_deprecated` usually indicate replaced-but-not-removed code (typical AI-coder leftover). Confirm and delete, or rename if it's the active version.
old markerDead code
low System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 Old/deprecated-named symbol `model_copy` in browser_use/llm/vercel/chat.py:563
Names with suffixes like `_old`, `_v1`, `_deprecated` usually indicate replaced-but-not-removed code (typical AI-coder leftover). Confirm and delete, or rename if it's the active version.
old markerDead code
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: action_input_history_next
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
browser_use/cli.py:1102
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: action_input_history_prev
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
browser_use/cli.py:1088
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: agent_task_worker
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
browser_use/cli.py:1022
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: check_env_variables
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
browser_use/utils.py:458
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: check_token_exists
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
examples/integrations/gmail_2fa_integration.py:54
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: compose
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
browser_use/cli.py:1134
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: decorator
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
browser_use/utils.py:421
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: emit
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
browser_use/cli.py:953
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: is_unsafe_pattern
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
browser_use/utils.py:463
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: log_event
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
browser_use/cli.py:908
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: on_AgentFocusChangedEvent
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
examples/browser/custom_headers.py:58
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: on_TabCreatedEvent
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
examples/browser/custom_headers.py:51
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: parse_agent_history
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
examples/ui/gradio_demo.py:37
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: provider_compatibility_test
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
examples/models/oci_models.py:179
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: scroll_to_input
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
browser_use/cli.py:982
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: setup_readline_history
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
browser_use/cli.py:345
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: singleton
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
browser_use/utils.py:447
low System graph software Dead code conf 1.00 Possibly dead Python function: wait_for_resume
No callers detected by AST scan in this repo. Could be exported for external callers or a framework handler.
browser_use/utils.py:333
low System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 Stub function `_noop` (body is just `pass`/`return`) — browser_use/skill_cli/browser.py:50
Likely an AI scaffold that was never filled in. Remove or implement.
Empty handlerDead code
low System graph quality Integrity conf 1.00 Stub function `name` (body is just `pass`/`return`) — browser_use/telemetry/views.py:13
Likely an AI scaffold that was never filled in. Remove or implement.
Empty handlerDead code
low System graph api Wiring conf 1.00 Unused endpoint: POST /slack/events
`examples/integrations/slack/slack_api.py` declares `POST /slack/events` but no frontend code we scanned calls it. This is fine if the endpoint serves external clients (mobile app, third-party, server-side webhooks). Otherwise it's dead code — consider removing or documenting who consumes it.
Unused endpoint
low System graph quality Complexity conf 1.00 Very large file: browser_use/agent/service.py (4132 lines)
Files with >800 lines often hide complexity hotspots and discourage tests.
low System graph quality Complexity conf 1.00 Very large file: browser_use/browser/profile.py (1288 lines)
Files with >800 lines often hide complexity hotspots and discourage tests.
low System graph quality Complexity conf 1.00 Very large file: browser_use/browser/session.py (4018 lines)
Files with >800 lines often hide complexity hotspots and discourage tests.
low System graph quality Complexity conf 1.00 Very large file: browser_use/browser/watchdogs/default_action_watchdog.py (3702 lines)
Files with >800 lines often hide complexity hotspots and discourage tests.
low System graph quality Complexity conf 1.00 Very large file: browser_use/browser/watchdogs/downloads_watchdog.py (1411 lines)
Files with >800 lines often hide complexity hotspots and discourage tests.
low System graph quality Complexity conf 1.00 Very large file: browser_use/cli.py (2368 lines)
Files with >800 lines often hide complexity hotspots and discourage tests.
low System graph quality Complexity conf 1.00 Very large file: browser_use/dom/serializer/serializer.py (1290 lines)
Files with >800 lines often hide complexity hotspots and discourage tests.
low System graph quality Complexity conf 1.00 Very large file: browser_use/tools/service.py (2266 lines)
Files with >800 lines often hide complexity hotspots and discourage tests.
low System graph quality Complexity conf 1.00 Very large file: tests/ci/infrastructure/test_filesystem.py (1422 lines)
Files with >800 lines often hide complexity hotspots and discourage tests.
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